MEDIA AND TECHNOLOGY SUPPORTING MUSIC

The music that composers make can be heard through several media; the most traditional way is to hear it live, in the presence, or as one of the musicians. Live music can also be broadcast over the radio, television or the internet. Some musical styles focus on producing a sound for a performance, while others focus on producing a recording which mixes together sounds which were never played "live". Recording, even of styles which are essentially live, often uses the ability to edit and splice to produce recordings which are considered better than the actual performance.

As talking pictures emerged in the early 20th century, with their prerecorded musical tracks, an increasing number of moviehouse orchestra musicians found themselves out of work.^[6] During the 1920s live musical performances by orchestras, pianists, and theater organists were common at first-run theaters^[7] With the coming of the talking motion pictures, those featured performances were largely eliminated. The American Federation of Musicians took out newspaper advertisements protesting the replacement of live musicians with mechanical playing devices. One 1929 ad that appeared in the Pittsburgh Press features an image of a can labeled "Canned Music / Big Noise Brand / Guaranteed to Produce No Intellectual or Emotional Reaction Whatever" ^[8]

Since legislation introduced to help protect performers, composers, publishers and producers, including the Audio Home Recording Act of 1992 in the United States, and the 1979 revised Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works in the United Kingdom, recordings and live performances have also become more accessible through computers, devices and internet in a form that is commonly known as music-on-demand.

In many cultures, there is less distinction between performing and listening to music, as virtually everyone is involved in some sort of musical activity, often communal. In industrialised countries, listening to music through a recorded form, such as sound recording or watching a music video, became more common than experiencing live performance, roughly in the middle of the 20th century.

can be programmed to produce and play Sometimes, live performances incorporate prerecorded sounds. For example, a DJ uses disc records for scratching, and some 20th-century works have a solo for an instrument or voice that is performed along with music that is prerecorded onto a tape. Computers and many keyboardsMIDI music. Audiences can also become performers by participating in Karaoke, an activity of Japanese origin which centres around a device that plays voice-eliminated versions of well-known songs. Most karaoke machines also have video screens that show lyrics to songs being performed; performers can follow the lyrics as they sing over the instrumental tracks

PRODUCING A MUSIC

Music is composed and performed for many purposes, ranging from aesthetic pleasure, religious or ceremonial purposes, or as an entertainment product for the marketplace. Amateur musicians compose and perform music for their own pleasure, and they do not attempt to derive their income from music. Professional musicians are employed by a range of institutions and organisations, including armed forces, churches and synagogues, symphony orchestras, broadcasting or film production companies, and music schools. As well, professional musicians work as freelancers, seeking contracts and engagements in a variety of settings.

Although amateur musicians differ from professional musicians in that amateur musicians have a non-musical source of income, there are often many links between amateur and professional musicians. Beginning amateur musicians take lessons with professional musicians. In community settings, advanced amateur musicians perform with professional musicians in a variety of ensembles and orchestras. In some rare cases, amateur musicians attain a professional level of competence, and they are able to perform in professional performance settings.

A distinction is often made between music performed for the benefit of a live audience and music that is performed for the purpose of being recorded and distributed through the music retail system or the broadcasting system. However, there are also many cases where a live performance in front of an audience is recorded and distributed (or broadcast).

PERFORMING A MUSIC

Performance is the physical expression of music. Often, a musical work is performed once its structure and instrumentation are satisfactory to its creators; however, as it gets performed more and more over time, it can evolve and change in any number of ways.

A performance can either be rehearsed or improvised. Improvisation is a musical idea created on the spot (such as a guitar solo or a drum solo), with no prior premeditation, while rehearsal is vigorous repetition of an idea until it has achieved cohesion. Musicians will generally add improvisation to a well-rehearsed idea to create a unique performance. Many cultures include strong traditions of solo and performance, such as in Indian classical music, and in the Western Art music tradition. Other cultures, such as in Bali, include strong traditions of group performance. All cultures include a mixture of both, and performance may range from improvised solo playing for one's enjoyment to highly planned and organised performance rituals such as the modern classical concert, religious processions, music festivals or music competitions.

Chamber music, which is music for a small ensemble with only a few of each type of instrument, is often seen as more intimate than symphonic works. A performer may be referred to as a musician.

Aural tradition

Many types of music, such as traditional blues and folk were originally preserved in the memory of performers, and the songs were handed down orally, or aurally ("by ear"). When the composer of music is no longer known, this music is often classified as "traditional". Different musical traditions have different attitudes towards how and where to make changes to the original source material, from quite strict, to those which demand improvisation or modification to the music. History is also passed by ear through song- for example in African societies.

Ornamentation

Main article: Ornament (music)

The detail included explicitly in the music notation varies between genres and historical periods. In general, art music notation from the 17th through to the 19th century required performers to have a great deal of contextual knowledge about performing styles.

For example, in the 17th and 18th century, music notated for solo performers typically indicated a simple, unornamented melody. However, it was expected that performers would know how to add stylistically-appropriate ornaments such as trills and turns. In the 19th century, art music for solo performers may give a general instruction such as to perform the music expressively, without describing in detail how the performer should do this. It was expected that the performer would know how to use tempo changes, accentuation, and pauses (among other devices) to obtain this "expressive" performance style. In the 20th century, art music notation often became more explicit, and used a range of markings and annotations to indicate to performers how they should play or sing the piece.

In popular music and jazz, music notation almost always indicates only the basic framework of the melody, harmony, or performance approach; musicians and singers are expected to know the performance conventions and styles associated with specific genres and pieces. For example, the "lead sheet" for a jazz tune may only indicate the melody and the chord changes. The performers in the jazz ensemble are expected to know how to "flesh out" this basic structure by adding ornaments, improvised music, and chordal accompaniment.

WT IS A MUSIQ?

The history of music predates the written word. The development of music among humans must have taken place against the backdrop of natural sounds such as birdsong and the sounds other animals use to communicate.^{[citation needed]} Prehistoric music is the name given to all music produced in preliterate cultures.^{[citation needed][1]}

Ancient

Main article: Ancient music

A range of paleolithic sites have yielded bones in which lateral holes have been pierced: these are usually identified as flutes^[2], blown at one end like the Japanese shakuhachi. The earliest written records of musical expression are to be found in the Sama Veda of India and in 4,000 year old cuneiform from Ur.^{[citation needed]} Instruments, such as the seven-holed flute and various types of stringed instruments have been recovered from the Indus valley civilization archaeological sites.^[3] India has one of the oldest musical traditions in the world—references to Indian classical music (marga) can be found in the ancient scriptures of the Hindu tradition, the Vedas. The traditional art or court music of China has a history stretching for more than three thousand years. Music was an important part of cultural and social life in Ancient Greece: mixed-gender choruses performed for entertainment, celebration and spiritual ceremonies; musicians and singers had a prominent role in ancient Greek theater; music was part of children's basic education.^{[citation needed]}

Al-Farabi (c. 872 - c. 950) wrote a notable book on music titled Kitab al-Musiqi al-Kabir ("Great Book of Music"). He played and invented a variety of musical instruments and devised the Arab tone system of pitch organisation, which is still used in Arabic music.^[4]

Medieval and Renaissance Europe

Main articles: Medieval music and Renaissance music

While musical life in Europe was undoubtedly rich in the early Medieval era, as attested by artistic depictions of instruments, writings about music, and other records, the only European repertory which has survived from before about 800 is the monophonic liturgical plainsong of the Roman Catholic Church, the central tradition of which was called Gregorian chant. Several schools of liturgical polyphony flourished in the period after about 1100. Alongside these traditions of sacred music, a vibrant tradition of secular song developed, exemplified by the music of the troubadours, trouvères and Minnesänger.

Much of the surviving music of 14th century Europe is secular. By the middle of the 15th century, composers and singers used a smooth polyphony for sacred musical compositions such as the mass, the motet, and the laude, and secular forms such as the chanson and the madrigal. The introduction of commercial printing had an immense influence on the dissemination of musical styles.^{[citation needed]}

European Baroque

Main article: Baroque music

The first operas, written around 1600 and the rise of contrapuntal music define the end of the Renaissance and the beginning of the Baroque era that lasted until roughly 1750, the year of the death of Johann Sebastian Bach.

Allegory of Music, by Filippino Lippi

Allegory of Music on the Opéra Garnier

German Baroque composers wrote for small ensembles including strings, brass, and woodwinds, as well as Choirs, pipe organ, harpsichord, and clavichord. During the Baroque period, several major music forms were defined that lasted into later periods when they were expanded and evolved further, including the Fugue, the Invention, the Sonata, and the Concerto.^[5]

European Classical

Main article: Classical period (music)

The music of the Classical period is characterized by homophonic texture, often featuring prominent melody with accompaniment. These new melodies tended to be almost voice-like and singable. The now popular instrumental music was dominated by further evolution of musical forms initially defined in the Baroque period: the sonata, and the concerto, with the addition of the new form, the symphony. Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, well known even today, are among the central figures of the Classical period.

SAWAARIYA-COPIED VERSION OF IYARKAI ???

Jananathan, one of the distinctive directors in Tamil industry, has alleged that director Sanjay Leela Bhansali’s ‘Saawariya’ is nothing but a movie copied from his ‘Iyarkkai’. According to Jananthan, a few years ago, Bollywood producer Bokadia had evinced interest in remaking the movie in Hindi with Salman Khan in the lead role and took a print from him. “Till date, I have not received the print'”, says the director. Jananathan, of course, agrees that his film was an adoption of Russian writer Fyodor Dostoyevsky’s classical fiction White Nights. “But I had made many changes in my script to suit the Tamil audience, while Sanjay Leela Bhansali has straight away lifted my script”, claims Jananathan. ‘Iyarkai’, which was released three years back fetched Jananthan national award. ‘Saawariya’, which hit the screens recently, has been receiving poor responses from both critics and the audiences.

FREAKY SCREENSAVER

This time waster is a twofer: you get to waste time and get a great screen saver that will be sure to freak out your cube mate as well as any passer-bys.

The people down at monoface took pictures of 15 people and made different parts of their face interchangeable; eyes, nose, mouth, head/shoulders. You can go over to their site and mix them all around and see what crazy faces you can come up with. You can also download the monoface screen saver. With the screen saver version, it will do the mixing up for you during screen saver mode.

I had fun on the site for a few minutes and am still having fun with the screen saver. Troy's tongue (pictured) is my favorite to put onto any of the faces. What's your favorite?

SIMRAN IS BACK !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Simran has long ago expressed her desire to make a comeback in Kollywood. The once most sought-after heroine in Kollywood is now ready and raring to go. When she started her second innings in the tinsel world, it was buzzed that Simran would play the ladylove of Vadivelu in 'Indiralohathil Na Azhagappan'. Rumours were abuzz that Simran would share the screen with Parthiban. However, reports now suggest that Simran would act opposite Karunas. The film would be a remake of 'Vadakku Nokki Yanthram', a Malayalam blockbuster of 1980s. It had Sreenivasan and Parvathi in the lead roles.The film is an out and out comedy entertainer, which revolves around a man who marries a beautiful woman.

DHONI AND SRK

The ad industry will be seen at its snazziest best in the coming days. King Khan and the Swashbuckling Dhoni are coming together for the first time in a commercial for consumer durables giant Videocon. Videocon has presented both the popular youth icons new avatars. With SRK turning out in Indian colours and Dhoni lighting up the set in a glittering gold costume, the roles of both the superstars were reversed. The theme flows with an interesting plot where both the stars play the role of Bhai-Bhai in the film. Describing the strategy at Videocon Industries, Mr. Jyoti Shekhar, VP Marketing says, "Videocon has created magic by bring both the super stars together on a single platform to create a unique campaign. The core idea of the campaign is to celebrate the spirit of success – no matter the role life gives you, always play it big and emerge as a champion." Videocon has strategically managed both the brand ambassadors to ensure brand connect with the younger audience with the help of this new commercial. Apparently, Shahrukh and Dhoni's chemistry was very visible on the sets and they enjoyed a lot by changing their real life roles. Conceptualized by Ogilvy and Mather, Videocon's brand communication partner the film is scheduled to air in the last week of November.

KALLOORI WILL HIT THE SCREENS ON DEC 7TH

Get ready to revisit your college this 7 December. Director Balaji Sakthivel's much--awaited 'Kallori' will hit the screens on 7 December. Produced by director Shankar's 'S' Pictures, the movie has newcomer Akhil and Tamanna in lead roles. Balaji Sakthivel rendered a blockbuster hit in 'Kadhal', which was touted as the best screenplay in the contemporary Tamil cinema. After almost a gap of two years, he is back with 'Kallori'. The movie dwells on the life in college campus caught in a realistic manner, says Balaji Sakthivel. Cinematography is by Chezhian and music is by Joshua Sridhar. The songs are already are a hit and the audio cassettes and CDs are being sold like hot-cakes.

MIRCHI WILL RELEASE SOON

There have been rumours about Mirchi being stalled. But now there is confirmed news that the film is going under production. We had reported last week that a huge set has been erected for the film. The shooting will commence from the end of December. It is also being said that a song will be shot soon at the newly erected set. Rumours were rife that Mahesh was no longer interested in doing Mirchi and that he had opted to do a film with Shekhar Kammula instead. But now, it is confirmed that Durga Arts will be making the film with him as planned earlier. The search is on for the lead girl.

DAY OF D WEEK

I was mulling about at work today and mentioned something about Dickens and got to looking up Charles Dickens and the fact that he died from a stroke. Just being curious, I was wondering what day of the week his death was on, June 9, 1870.

It was a Tuesday for those of you that were wondering. However, me not being super good with numbers and also extremely lazy when it comes to thinking, it took me a while to find a website that could tell me the day of the week it was when supplied with a date. Most of the ones I found right away only worked with the 1900's.

The one I finally did find that works with any date is a great one. I found out that my two daughters and I were all born on a Wednesday. Is that crazy or what?! Anywho, the coincidences stopped there, but the site is a great site; with morse code translators and fantastic unit conversions.

Feel free to check it out and give a shout out in the comments below to let everyone know what day of the seek you were born on.

WHAT IS A VIBRATO ??????

Vibrato

Vibrato is a technique of the left hand and arm in which the pitch of a note varies in a pulsating rhythm. While various parts of the hand or arm may be involved in the motion, the end result is a movement of the fingertip bringing about a slight change in vibrating string length. Violinists oscillate backwards, or lower in pitch from the actual note when using vibrato, since perception favors the highest pitch in a varying sound. Vibrato does little, if anything, to disguise an out-of-tune note: in other words, vibrato is a poor substitute for good intonation. Still, scales and other exercises meant to work on intonation are typically played without vibrato to make the work easier and more effective. Music students are taught that unless otherwise marked in music, vibrato is assumed or even mandatory. This can be an obstacle to a classically-trained violinist wishing to play in a style that uses little or no vibrato at all, such as baroque music played in period style and many traditional fiddling styles.

Vibrato can be produced by a proper combination of finger, wrist and arm motions. One method, called "hand vibrato," involves rocking the hand back at the wrist to achieve oscillation, while another method, "arm vibrato," modulates the pitch by rocking at the elbow. A combination of these techniques allows a player to produce a large variety of tonal effects.

The "when" and "what for" of violin vibrato are artistic matters of style and taste. In acoustical terms, the interest that vibrato adds to the sound has to do with the way that the overtone mix (or tone color, or timbre) and the directional pattern of sound projection change with changes in pitch. By "pointing" the sound at different parts of the room in a rhythmic way, vibrato adds a "shimmer" or "liveliness" to the sound of a well-made violin

PLAYING A VIOLIN

The standard way of holding the violin is with the left side of the jaw resting on the chinrest of the violin, and supported by the left shoulder, often assisted by a shoulder rest. This practice varies in some cultures; for instance, Indian (Carnatic and Hindustani) violinists play seated on the floor and rest the scroll of the instrument on the side of their foot. The strings may be sounded by drawing the hair of the bow across them (arco) or by plucking them (pizzicato). The left hand regulates the sounding length of the string by stopping it against the fingerboard with the fingertips, producing different pitches.

First Position Fingerings

[edit] Left hand and pitch production

As the violin has no frets to stop the strings, the player must know exactly where to place the fingers on the strings to play with good intonation. Through practice and ear training, the violinist's left hand finds the notes intuitively by muscle memory. Beginners sometimes rely on tapes placed on the fingerboard for proper left hand finger placement, but usually abandon the tapes quickly as they advance. Another commonly-used marking technique uses dots of white-out on the fingerboard, which wear off in a few weeks of regular practice. This practice, unfortunately, is used sometimes in lieu of adequate ear-training, guiding the placement of fingers by eye and not by ear. Especially in the early stages of learning to play, the so-called "ringing tones" are useful. There are nine such notes in first position, where a stopped note sounds a unison or octave with another (open) string, causing it to vibrate sympathetically.

The fingers are conventionally numbered 1 (index) through 4 (little finger). Especially in instructional editions of violin music, numbers over the notes may indicate which finger to use, with "0" indicating "open" string. The chart to the left shows the arrangement of notes reachable in first position. Not shown on this chart is the way the spacing between note positions becomes closer as the fingers move up (in pitch) from the nut. The bars at the sides of the chart represent three of the usual tape placements for beginners, at 1^st, high 2^nd, and 3^rd fingers.

[edit] Positions

The placement of the left hand on the fingerboard is characterized by "positions". First position, where most beginners start (although some methods start in third position), is the most commonly used position in string music. The lowest note available in this position in standard tuning is an open G; the highest note in first position is played with the fourth finger on the E-string, sounding a B, or reaching up a half step (also known as the "extended fourth finger") to the C two octaves above middle C.

Moving the hand up the neck, so the first finger takes the place of the second finger, brings the player into second position. Letting the first finger take the first-position place of the third finger brings the player to third position, and so on. The upper limit of the violin's range is largely determined by the skill of the player, who may easily play more than two octaves on a single string, and four octaves on the instrument as a whole, although when a violinist has progressed to the point of being able to use the entire range of the instrument, references to particular positions become less common. Position names are mostly used for the lower positions and in method books; for this reason, it is uncommon to hear references to anything higher than fifth position. The lowest position on a violin is half-position, where the first finger is a half-step away from the nut. This position is less frequently used. The highest position, practically speaking, is 15^th position.

The same note will sound substantially different, depending on what string is used to play it. Sometimes the composer or arranger will specify the string to be used in order to achieve the desired tone quality; this is indicated in the music by the marking, for example, sul G, meaning to play on the G string. For example, playing very high up on the lower strings gives a distinctive quality to the sound. Otherwise, moving into different positions is usually done for ease of playing.

VIOLIN BOWS

A violin is usually played using a bow consisting of a stick with a ribbon of horsehair strung between the tip and frog (or nut, or heel) at opposite ends. A typical violin bow may be 75 cm (29 inches) overall, and weigh about 60 g (2 oz). Viola bows may be about 5 mm (3/16") shorter and 10 g (1/3 oz) heavier.

At the frog end, a screw adjuster tightens or loosens the hair. Just forward of the frog, a leather thumb cushion and winding protect the stick and provide grip for the player's hand. The winding may be wire, silk, or whalebone (now imitated by alternating strips of yellow and black plastic.) Some student bows (particularly the ones made of solid fiberglass) substitute a plastic sleeve for grip and winding.

The hair of the bow traditionally comes from the tail of a "white" (technically, a grey) male horse, although some cheaper bows use synthetic fiber. Occasional rubbing with rosin makes the hair grip the strings intermittently, causing them to vibrate. The stick is traditionally made of brazilwood, although a stick made from this type of wood which is of a more select quality (and higher price) is referred to as pernambuco (both types are taken from the same tree species). Some student bows are made of fiberglass or various cheap woods. Recent innovations have allowed carbon fiber to be used as a material for the stick at all levels of craftsmanship.

VIOLIN YOU SHOULD KNOW THIS ONE

Strings

Strings were first made of sheep gut (commonly known as catgut), stretched, dried and twisted. Modern strings may be gut, solid steel, stranded steel, or various synthetic materials, wound with various metals. Most E strings are unwound, either plain or gold-plated steel.

Violinists often carry replacement strings with their instruments to have one available in case a string breaks.Strings have a limited lifetime; apart from obvious things, such as the winding of a string coming undone from wear, a player will generally change a string when it no longer plays "true," with a negative effect on intonation, or when it loses the desired tone. The longevity of a string depends on how much and how intensely one plays. The E string, being the thinnest, tends to break or lose the desired tone more quickly than the others.

For more information, see the strings section of Violin construction. There is also a five string violin.

[edit] Pitch range

The compass of the violin is from G3 (G below middle C) to the highest note of the modern piano. The top notes, however, are often produced by natural or artificial harmonics.

[edit] Acoustics

See also Sound production (string instruments)

The arched shape, the thickness of the wood, and its physical qualities govern the sound of a violin. Patterns of the nodes made by sand or glitter sprinkled on the plates with the plate vibrated at certain frequencies, called "Chladni patterns," are occasionally used by luthiers to verify their work before assembling the instrument. [1]

[edit] Sizes

Children typically use smaller string instruments than adults. Violins are made in so-called "fractional" sizes for young students: Apart from full-size (4/4) violins, 3/4, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/10, 1/16, and even 1/32-sized instruments exist.Extremely small sizes were developed, along with the Suzuki program for violin students as young as 3 years old. Finely-made fractional sized violins, especially smaller than 1/2 size, are extremely rare or nonexistent. Such small instruments, are typically intended for beginners needing a rugged violin, and whose rudimentary technique does not justify the expense of a more carefully made one.

These fractional sizes have nothing to do with the actual dimensions of an instrument; in other words, a 3/4-sized instrument is not three-quarters the length of a full size instrument. The body length (not including the neck) of a "full-size" or 4/4 violin is about 14 inches (35 cm), smaller in some 17th century models. A 3/4 violin is about 13 inches (33 cm), and a 1/2 size is approximately 12 inches (30 cm). With the violin's closest family member, the viola, size is specified as body length in inches or centimeters rather than fractional sizes. A "full-size" viola averages 16 inches (40 cm).

Occasionally, an adult with a small frame may use a so-called "7/8" size violin instead of a full-size instrument. Sometimes called a "lady's violin", these instruments are slightly shorter than a full size violin, but tend to be high-quality instruments capable of producing a sound that is comparable to fine full size violins.

Violin sizes are not standardised and dimensions vary slightly between makers.

WORLD'S FAMOUS VIOLINISTS

The most famous violin makers (luthiers) between the late 16th century and the 18th century included:

• Amati family of Italian violin makers, Andrea Amati (1500-1577), Antonio Amati (1540-1607), Hieronymus Amati I (1561-1630), Nicolo Amati (1596-1684), Hieronymus Amati II (1649-1740)
• Guarneri family of Italian violin makers, Andrea Guarneri (1626-1698), Pietro of Mantua (1655-1720), Giuseppe Guarneri (Joseph filius Andreae) (1666-1739), Pietro Guarneri (of Venice) (1695-1762), and Giuseppe (del Gesu) (1698-1744)
• Stradivari family (1644-1737) of Cremona
• Gagliano family of Italian violin makers, Alexander, Nicolo I and Ferdinand are outstanding of these
• Giovanni Battista Guadagnini of Piacenza (1711-1786)
• Jacob Stainer (1617-1683) of Absam in Tyrol

Significant changes occurred in the construction of the violin in the 18th century, particularly in the length and angle of the neck, as well as a heavier bass bar. The majority of old instruments have undergone these modifications, and hence are in a significantly different state than when they left the hands of their makers, doubtless with differences in sound and response.^[8] But these instruments in their present condition set the standard for perfection in violin craftsmanship and sound, and violin makers all over the world try to come as close to this ideal as possible.

To this day, instruments from the "Golden Age" of violin making, especially those made by Stradivari and Guarneri del Gesù, are the most sought-after instruments by both collectors and performers.

CONSRTUCTING A VIOLIN- PART 2

The neck is usually maple with a flamed figure compatible with that of the ribs and back. It carries the fingerboard, typically made of ebony, but often some other wood stained or painted black. Ebony is the preferred material because of its hardness, beauty, and superior resistance to wear.^[9] Fingerboards are dressed to a particular transverse curve, and have a small lengthwise "scoop," or concavity, slightly more pronounced on the lower strings, especially when meant for gut or synthetic strings.

Some old violins (and some made to appear old) have a grafted scroll, evidenced by a glue joint between the pegbox and neck. Many authentic old instruments have had their necks reset to a slightly increased angle, and lengthened by about a centimeter. The neck graft allows the original scroll to be kept with a Baroque violin when bringing its neck into conformance with modern standards.

Bridge blank and finished bridge

Sound post seen through f-hole

The bridge is a precisely cut piece of maple that forms the lower anchor point of the vibrating length of the strings and transmits the vibration of the strings to the body of the instrument. Its top curve holds the strings at the proper height from the fingerboard in an arc, allowing each to be sounded separately by the bow. The sound post, or "soul post," fits precisely inside the instrument between the back and top, below the treble foot of the bridge, which it helps support. It also transmits vibrations between the top and the back of the instrument.

The tailpiece anchors the strings to the lower bout of the violin by means of the tailgut, which loops around the endpin, which fits into a tapered hole in the bottom block. Very often the E string will have a fine tuning lever worked by a small screw turned by the fingers. Fine tuners may also be applied to the other strings, especially on a student instrument, and are sometimes built in to the tailpiece.

At the scroll end, the strings wind around the tuning pegs in the pegbox. Strings usually have a colored silk wrapping at both ends, for identification and to provide friction against the pegs. The tapered pegs allow friction to be increased or decreased by the player applying appropriate pressure along the axis of the peg while turning it.

Violin and bow.

CONSRTUCTING A VIOLIN- PART 1

A violin typically consists of a spruce top (the soundboard, also known as the top plate, table, or belly), maple ribs and back, two endblocks, a neck, a bridge, a soundpost, four strings, and various fittings, optionally including a chinrest, which may attach directly over, or to the left of, the tailpiece. A distinctive feature of a violin body is its "hourglass" shape and the arching of its top and back. The hourglass shape comprises two upper bouts, two lower bouts, and two concave C-bouts at the "waist," providing clearance for the bow.

The "voice" of a violin depends on its shape, the wood it is made from, the graduation (the thickness profile) of both the top and back, and the varnish which coats its outside surface. The varnish and especially the wood continue to improve with age, making the fixed supply of old violins much sought-after.

All parts of the instrument which are glued together are done so using animal hide glue, a traditional strong water-based adhesive that is reversible, as glued joints can be disassembled if needed. Weaker, diluted glue is usually used to fasten the top to the ribs, and the nut to the fingerboard, since common repairs involve removing these parts.

The purfling running around the edge of the spruce top provides some protection against cracks originating at the edge. It also allows the top to flex more independently of the rib structure. Painted-on faux purfling on the top is a sign of an inferior instrument. The back and ribs are typically made of maple, most often with a matching striped figure, referred to as "flame," "fiddleback" or "tiger stripe" (technically called curly maple).

VIOLIN

The earliest stringed instruments were mostly plucked (e.g. the Greek lyre). Bowed instruments may have originated in the equestrian cultures of Central Asia, an example being the Mongolian instrument Morin huur:

Turkic and Mongolian horsemen from Inner Asia were probably the world’s earliest fiddlers. Their two-stringed upright fiddles are strung with horsehair strings, played with horsehair bows, and often feature a carved horse’s head at the end of the neck. ... The violins, violas, and cellos we play today, and whose bows are still strung with horsehair, are a legacy of the nomads.^[2].

It is believed that these instruments eventually spread to China, India, and the Middle East, where they developed into instruments such as the erhu (China) and rebab (Middle East), and esraj (India). The violin in its present form emerged in early 16th century in Northern Italy, where the port towns of Venice and Genoa maintained extensive ties through the trade routes of the Mongol Empire.

The modern European violin evolved from various bowed stringed instruments which were brought from the Middle East.^[3] Most likely the first makers of violins borrowed from three types of current instruments: the rebec, in use since the 10th century (itself derived from the Arabic rebab), the Renaissance fiddle, and the lira da braccio.^[4] One of the earliest explicit descriptions of the instrument, including its tuning, was in the Epitome musical by Jambe de Fer, published in Lyon in 1556.^[5] By this time, the violin had already begun to spread throughout Europe.

The oldest documented violin to have four strings, like the modern violin, was constructed in 1555 by Andrea Amati. (Other violins, documented significantly earlier, only had three strings.) The violin immediately became very popular, both among street musicians and the nobility, illustrated by the fact that the French king Charles IX ordered Amati to construct 24 violins for him in 1560.^[6] The oldest surviving violin, dated inside, is from this set, and is known as the "Charles IX," made in Cremona c. 1560. "The Messiah" or "Le Messie" (also known as the "Salabue") made by Antonio Stradivari in 1716 remains pristine, never having been used. It is now located in the Ashmolean Museum of Oxford.

Pigeon point light house

Once per year at the Pigeon Point Lighthouse they shut down the weak insipid modern (presumably electric) light and switch over the 5 kerosene lamps and lens of the original, as it was 135 years ago… it's really quite a sight. When they fire it up there's really a collective sense of "whoa!" from the audience.

Dhan dhana dhan goal-review

Dhan Dhana Dhan Goal turns out to be a film about noise and nose. The noisy background score tries to infuse “emotions” in otherwise caricature scenes and the sunny hero John Abraham keeps hurting his nose, writes Bikas Mishra

After watching Lagaan, Iqbal and Chak De India, if you thought sports underdog drama is the recipe to set box office on fire, you’re wrong. No other movie could prove it better than Dhan Dhana Dhan Goal.

It’s evident from the first ten minutes that the director wants nothing else but to capitalize on the recent successes of the genre, hence he takes no trouble of setting up the story. Things are sorted out from the very beginning. We know the story from the word go of the Goal and the director seems to have no qualms about it. Hence Dhan Dhana Dhan Goal turns out to be a film about noise and nose. The noisy background score tries to infuse “emotions” in otherwise caricature scenes and the sunny hero John Abraham keeps hurting his nose.

Do I need to tell you the plot, if you feel so, then here it is: an underdog English football team, surprisingly made of only Asians, need to win the championship to save their club. Every twist in the plot is a cliché.

The film is not only stupid and silly but it’s also highly jingoistic. Perhaps the only novelty the director tries to bring in is that here the underdog saga envelops the whole south east Asia and the team is made of Pakistanis, Bangladeshis and Indians. Britons are the villains, who’re racists and keep dropping talented Indian players from their teams. Even the city council mayor plots to take away the club ground to sell it off to a Punjabi builder. Despite every other Englishmen being racists, interestingly the coach and captain both have English wives!

Bipasha, plays the team doctor. She’s the sister of the captain and is in love with the star striker John. She has really got the most stupid role in the film, where she has to say silly dialogues, call herself “an asshole” and compare herself to a “football” to prove her point. Poor girl, a talent wasted.

Except some jokes and football match sequences, the film is really crappy. I wonder how intelligent actors like Boman Irani, Arshad Warsi and even John for that matter accepted to act in it.

The real problem of Goal lies nowhere else but in the script, that no actor, dialogue writer could salvage. IMDB credits say Anurag Kashyap wrote the dialogues, except a few lighter moments even they sounded cheap and sad.

A highly disappointing film. I wasted my precious more than two hours, if you want to do so, Go(al) Ahead!!

SUPER COMPUTERS IN INDIA

After proving its mettle in areas like steel, automotive and IT services on this global arena, corporate behemoth the Tata group has now developed the world's fourth fastest supercomputer that can do more than 117.9 trillion calculations per second.

The supercomputer “EKA”, which means NO.1 in Sanskrit, was named Asia's fastest and the world's fourth fastest in the Top 500 Supercomputer list announced at an International Conference for High Performance Computing at Reno (California), USA.

This is the first time that such a system developed in India has been ranked among the world's ten fastest computers.

Supercomputers are primarily used by universities, military and scientific research labs. They are used in high calculation-intensive jobs like quantum physics, weather and climate research, study of chemical compounds, simulation of aircraft in wind tunnels and detonation of nuclear weapons.

A total of nine supercomputers developed in India have appeared in the Top 500 list, including one more system (179th) developed at Tata Sons' wholly-owned subsidiary Computational Research Laboratories (CRL) in Pune, where EKA was developed.

Others include a system developed at Indian Institute of Science (58th) and six IBM systems (ranked at 152nd, 158th, 336th, 339th, 340th and 371st) developed in the country.

The group chairman Ratan Tata said in a statement, “High performance computing solutions have an ever-increasing role in the scientific and new technological space the world over. The Tata group has supported this development activity and is extremely proud of the team that has developed and built this supercomputer, which is now ranked the world's fourth fastest.”

“I am sure this supercomputer and its successor systems will make a major contribution to India's ongoing scientific and technological initiatives,” he added.

The Top 500 list has been topped by BlueGene/L System, a joint development of IBM and the US Department of Energy’s (DOE) National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) and installed at DOE’s Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California.

Another system developed by IBM is at the second position and is installed in Germany, followed by one developed by SGI and installed in New Mexico Computing Applications Center.

EKA has been ranked even higher than a new HP system installed at a Swedish government agency. The HP system is ranked fifth in the world.

“EKA marks a milestone in the Tata group's effort to build an indigenous high performance computing solution. CRL built the supercomputer facility using dense data centre layout and novel network routing and parallel processing library technologies developed by its scientists,” Tata group said in a statement.

The fastest supercomputer recorded a speed of 478.2 teraflops per second (trillions of calculations per second), while EKA recorded a performance of 117.9 teraflops per second.

“EKA has put India at the forefront of high performance and supercomputing technology globally. It gives us the ability to address applications in multiple disciplines including software development and research,” CRL Chairman and TCS CEO and MD S Ramadorai said.

The CRL supercomputer includes nodes and racks built by HP. The CRL team has been actively supported by scientists and engineers at Tata Consultancy Services.

In the near term, CRL is targeting and developing applications such as neural simulation, molecular simulation, computational fluid dynamics, crash simulation and digital media animation and rendering.

The longer term application areas would include financial modelling, seismic modelling, geophysical signal processing, weather prediction, medical imaging, nanotechnology, personalised drug discovery, real time rendering, and virtual worlds among others.

CRL also intends to offer high performance and supercomputer system integration, research, applications and software services to its customers around the globe in the area of high performance computing.

Supercomputers were first developed early in 1960s by Seymour Cray at Control Data Corporation (CDC). These days the supercomputer market is dominated by companies like IBM and HP, while Cray, who later left CDC and founded his own company Cray Inc is also building supercomputers.
SOURCE: ELECTRONICS FOR U

CARS GAME DOWNLOAD

Cars Mater-National features an all-new International group of
racers vying for their chance to compete against Lightning McQueen
in the First Annual Mater-National Race Festival, hosted by
Lightning’s best friend, Mater. Explore the new and improved open
world of Radiator Springs, play in the all-new Monster Mode, jump
into the fast lane with 6 new International racing competitors,
burn rubber on new tracks, and twist and turn your way through
new mini-games like Ramone’s Rhythmic Rumble and Fillmore’s
Fuel Frenzy.

* Explore the new open world of Radiator Springs, Lightning McQueen’s
new Racing Headquarters, and practice facility Over 20 challenging
mini-games.
* 7 exciting new international characters.
* Multiple new adrenaline-packed tracks to race on.
* New “Monster Mode.”
* Go head to head with over 10 multiplayer games.

Code:

http://rapidshare.com/files/67329944/Cars.Mater.National.JFKPC.part01.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/67329980/Cars.Mater.National.JFKPC.part02.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/67329941/Cars.Mater.National.JFKPC.part03.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/67329971/Cars.Mater.National.JFKPC.part04.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/67329947/Cars.Mater.National.JFKPC.part05.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/67329983/Cars.Mater.National.JFKPC.part06.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/67329956/Cars.Mater.National.JFKPC.part07.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/67329951/Cars.Mater.National.JFKPC.part08.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/67329965/Cars.Mater.National.JFKPC.part09.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/67329975/Cars.Mater.National.JFKPC.part10.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/67329996/Cars.Mater.National.JFKPC.part11.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/67329977/Cars.Mater.National.JFKPC.part12.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/67329974/Cars.Mater.National.JFKPC.part13.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/67329934/Cars.Mater.National.JFKPC.part14.rar

CKT 07

Were u looking to download EA Sports Cricket 2007....
On this page your search ends...
With its fully licensed squads, groundbreaking Century Stick control system
and more natural camera perspective, Cricket 07 will bring players the most
immersive gameplay experience to date. Thanks to the groundbreaking
EA SPORTS Century Stick control system, batting has become more intuitive,
responsive and rewarding than ever. For the first time in a cricket game,
players can enjoy full control over foot choice, shot, direction, power and
timing, all governed through the use of both analogue sticks. A back or
front foot stroke is selected with the left stick, and then shot timing and
direction are judged with the right stick. Power is determined by how far
the stick is moved a slight tap can nudge the ball for a quick single or a
firm push can send the ball fizzing away to the boundary. Allied to new
cameras that deliver a more natural behind-the-stumps batting perspective
and a wider view of the field, cricket has never been so easily accessible.
With embellished gameplay, a wealth of tournaments, genuine equipment and
authoritative new commentary from Mark Nicholas and Richie Benaud, you won't experience cricket this authentic without donning whites and walking down
the pavilion steps yourself.

Code:

Download Part 1 - http://rapidshare.com/files/74935985/cricket_2007.part01.rar Part 2 - http://rapidshare.com/files/78815596/cricket_2007.part02.rar Part 3 - http://rapidshare.com/files/78837011/cricket_2007.part03.rar Part 4 - http://rapidshare.com/files/78843130/cricket_2007.part04.rar Part 5 - http://rapidshare.com/files/78855584/cricket_2007.part05.rar Part 6 - http://rapidshare.com/files/78861635/cricket_2007.part06.rar Part 7 - http://rapidshare.com/files/78873914/cricket_2007.part07.rar Part 8 - http://rapidshare.com/files/78876943/cricket_2007.part08.rar Part 9 - http://rapidshare.com/files/78885855/cricket_2007.part09.rar Part 10 - http://rapidshare.com/files/78888824/cricket_2007.part10.rar Part 11 - http://rapidshare.com/files/78893354/cricket_2007.part11.rar Part 12 - http://rapidshare.com/files/78822591/cricket_2007.part12.rar

GUITAR

Before the development of the electric guitar and the use of synthetic materials, a guitar was defined as being an instrument having "a long, fretted neck, flat wooden soundboard, ribs, and a flat back, most often with incurved sides".^[1] Instruments similar to the guitar have been popular for at least 5,000 years. The guitar appears to be derived from earlier instruments known in ancient India and Central Asia as the Sitara. The oldest known iconographic representation of an instrument displaying all the essential features of a guitar being played is a 3300 year old stone carving of a Hittite bard.^[2] The modern word, guitar, was adopted into English from Spanish guitarra, derived from the Latin word cithara, which in turn was derived from the earlier Greek word kithara, which perhaps derives from Persian sihtar^[3]. Sihtar itself is related to the Indian instrument, the sitar.

Illustration from a Carolingian Psalter from the 9th century, showing a Guitar-like plucked instrument.

The modern guitar is descended from the Roman cithara brought by the Romans to Hispania around 40 AD, and further adapted and developed with the arrival of the four-string oud, brought by the Moors after their conquest of the Iberian peninula in the 8th century.^[4] Elsewhere in Europe, the indigenous six-string Scandinavian lut (lute), had gained in popularity in areas of Viking incursions across the continent. Often depicted in carvings c. 800 AD, the Norse hero Gunther (also known as Gunnar), played a lute with his toes as he lay dying in a snake-pit, in the legend of Siegfried.^[5] By 1200 AD, the four string "guitar" had evolved into two types: the guitarra morisca (Moorish guitar) which had a rounded back, wide fingerboard and several soundholes, and the guitarra latina (Latin guitar) which resembled the modern guitar with one soundhole and a narrower neck.^[6]

The guitar player (c. 1672), by Johannes Vermeer

The Spanish vihuela or "viola da mano", a guitar-like instrument of the 16th century, appears to be an aberration in the transition from the renaissance instrument to the modern guitar. It had lute-style tuning and a guitar-like body. Its construction had as much in common with the modern guitar as with its contemporary four-course renaissance guitar. The vihuela enjoyed only a short period of popularity; the last surviving publication of music for the instrument appeared in 1576. It is not clear whether it represented a transitional form or was simply a design that combined features of the Arabic oud and the European lute. In favor of the latter view, the reshaping of the vihuela into a guitar-like form can be seen as a strategy of differentiating the European lute visually from the Moorish oud.

The Vinaccia family of luthiers is known for developing the mandolin, and may have built the earliest extant six string guitar. Gaetano Vinaccia (1759 - after 1831)^[7] has his signature on the label of a guitar built in Naples, Italy for six strings with the date of 1779.^[8][9] This guitar has been examined and does not show tall-tale signs of modifications from a double-course guitar although fakes are known to exist of guitars and identifying labels from that period.

Modern dimensions of the classical instrument were established by Antonio Torres Jurado (1817-1892), working in Seville in the 1850s. Torres and Louis Panormo of London (active 1820s-1840s) were both responsible for demonstrating the superiority of fan strutting over transverse table bracing.^[10]

The electric guitar was patented by George Beauchamp in 1936. Beauchamp co-founded Rickenbacher which used the horseshoe-magnet pickup. However, it was Danelectro that first produced electric guitars for the wider public.

FLUTE

The flute appeared in different forms and locations around the world. A three-holed flute made from a mammoth tusk (from the Geißenklösterle cave in the German Swabian Alb and dated to 30,000 to 37,000 years ago^[1]) was discovered in 2004, and two flutes made from swans' bones excavated a decade earlier (from the same cave in Germany, dated to circa 36,000 years ago) are among the oldest known musical instruments. The flute has been dated to prehistoric times. A fragment of the femur of a juvenile cave bear, with two to four holes, found at Divje Babe in Slovenia and dated to about 43,100 years ago, may also be an early flute.^[2][3] The Bible, in Genesis 4:21, cites Jubal as being the "father of all those who play the ugab and the kinnor". The former Hebrew term refers to some wind instrument, or wind instruments in general, the latter to a stringed instrument, or stringed instruments in general. As such, Jubal is traditionally regarded as the inventor of the flute (a word used in some translations of this biblical passage). Some early flutes were made out of tibias (shin bones). Playable 9000-year-old Gudi (literally, "bone flute"), made from the wing bones of red-crowned cranes, with five to eight holes each, were excavated from a tomb in Jiahu^[4] in the Central Chinese province of Henan^[5].

The earliest extant transverse flute is a chi flute discovered in the Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng at the Suizhou site, Hubei province, China. It dates from 433 BC, of the later Zhou Dynasty. It is fashioned of lacquered bamboo with closed ends and has five stops that are at the flute's side instead of the top. Chi flutes are mentioned in Shi Jing, compiled and edited by Confucius.

ALISON KRAUSS

Alison Krauss (IPA: /ˈælɪsʌn kraʊs/^[1]) (born July 23, 1971)^[2] is an American bluegrass-country singer and fiddle player. She entered the music industry at a young age, winning local contests by the age of ten and recording for the first time on her brother's album at fourteen. She signed with Rounder Records in 1985 and released her first solo album at sixteen in 1987. She was invited to join the band with which she still performs, Alison Krauss & Union Station (AKUS), and later released her first album with them as a group in 1989.

She has thus far released more than ten albums, appeared on numerous soundtracks, and has helped usher in a new interest in bluegrass music in the United States. Her soundtrack performances have led to further popularity, including the Grammy-winning O Brother, Where Art Thou? soundtrack, an album also credited with raising American interest in bluegrass, and the Cold Mountain soundtrack, which led to her performance at the 2004 Academy Awards. During her career she has won 20 Grammy Awards—more than any other female artist and tied for seventh-most among all artists—along with numerous other awards.

ALIEN BLAST DOWNLOAD

The year is 2060 and the action takes place on a remote and isolated planet. In the distant frontiers of space, a large allied force well beyond the reach of Earth maintains civilization. The aim is to conquer and defend distant planets for the new civilization. The crew of the commercial starship MBK-03 has been alerted to investigate a distress call from an allied planet. After landing on your ally's planet, Rexus, the crew (you) discovers that the signal is actually a warning. It was the warning to abandon the planet. But it is too late to turn back and the terror begins when you first encounter an alien during your investigation. Defend your allied planet against the alien raid – this is your mission! Far from the reaches of your solar system, you are all alone in an assignment to battle the alien horde. As a member of the allied forces, everyone is relying on you. Most of your allied forces have been destroyed, and this will be your most difficult mission yet. It's up to you to defend the planet. Do you have the backbone to confront it? In this first-person view arcade shoot'em-up, you must gather up all your courage to defend yourself and defeat the enemy, the aliens. Alien Blast is an exciting sci-fi action combat game for everyone. [ P R O D U T C A T E G O R Y ] . Action Arcade [ F E A T U R E S ] . Ground and air defensive battle station . Highly detailed 3D graphics providing an incredibly realistic environment . Supports Single and Multi-play option . Sophisticated sci-fi weapons with power-ups . Boss challenge levels . 45 progressive missions with sophisticated enemy AI. . Realistic battle sounds effects . Intuitive game plays . Easy play controls . Weather effects [ S Y S T E M S R E Q U I R E M E N T S ] . WIN 98/ME/2K/XP . 500 MHz cpu . 128MB Ram (512k swap space) . Video: 32 MB Direct 3D compatible video card . Hardware audio card . 110MB free hard drive space . Input: keyboard and mouse Download: http://www.download.azd.ro/download.php?file=7c7c870c1091ec6703dd836f6f3e8cd7 Pass: azd.ro

Garry's Mod 10 Final (StandAlone)(Non-Steam)

Features:
-> Standalone
-> Non-Steam
-> New installer
-> New launcher
-> Supports LAN game or Non-Steam servers
-> Optimized download size
-> Includes all shaders,models,materials
-> Supports all maps,mods and addons
-> You can also expect many new addons and maps in future.

Changes
* More versatile camera tool.
* Appearance of thrusters can be altered, right down to the effects.
* Player models now visible in vehicles.
* Color-wheel within bloom and colour-gun toolmodes.
* The Physics Gun is able to move any entity. (Except for other players and the map itself)
* Improved client-server interaction.
* Reworked motion-blur.
* Hydraulic tool-gun.
* Motor tool-gun: allows props to automatically rotate. Controllable with the number-pad.
* Winch Constraint tool-gun: a constraint that allows control of a length of rope at set speeds with the number-pad.
* Keep upright tool-gun
* Hoverball tool-gun: attaches hovering balls to objects and hovers them at set heights. They will allow players to make more complex flying machines as well as aid in steering such objects.
* Inflator tool-gun: allows different parts of ragdolls to be inflated or deflated.
* A finger posing tool.
* A "Trails" tool. If attached to any physical object, creates a trail of user-defined particles when in movement.
* A lightbulbs tool.
* A Morphing Effect that allows the player's view to be distorted, in a watermarked position on the screen, this is still beta.
* A higher-quality Depth of field effect with a more intuitive interface. Can select the focal point by clicking at the point.
* The new spawn menu has a configurable system of categories and filters from a base list of all of the resources available and will also automatically generate icons for spawnable items, eliminating both the need to produce icons for every object in the world and keep up with new releases, and concerns about not covering third-party creations.
* From the videos and screenshots, it appears that the connections are now dynamic.

Code:

DOWNLOAD: http://rapidshare.com/files/53385009/GM.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/53396295/GM.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/53407604/GM.part3.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/53419497/GM.part4.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/53431048/GM.part5.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/53441752/GM.part6.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/53451603/GM.part7.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/53452786/GM.part8.rar

DANIEL BOONE

Daniel Boone (February 22 [O.S. February 11] 1735 – September 26, 1820) was an American settler, pioneer and hunter whose frontier exploits made him one of the first folk heroes of the United States. Boone is most famous for his exploration and settlement of what is now the U.S. Commonwealth of Kentucky, which was then beyond the western borders of the Thirteen Colonies. Despite resistance from American Indians, for whom Kentucky was a traditional hunting ground, in 1775 Boone blazed the Wilderness Road through the Cumberland Gap and into Kentucky. There he founded Boonesborough, one of the first English-speaking settlements beyond the Appalachian Mountains. Before the end of the 18th century, more than 200,000 people entered Kentucky, some of whom entered southern Kentucky following the route marked by Boone,^[2] although most of the early settlement of Kentucky was in the northern section along the Ohio River, which started being settled at an earlier date by pioneers who traveled Braddock Road.

Boone was a militia officer during the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), which in Kentucky was fought primarily between settlers and British-allied American Indians. Boone was captured by Shawnees in 1778 and adopted into the tribe, but he escaped and continued to help defend the Kentucky settlements. He was elected to the first of his three terms in the Virginia General Assembly during the war, and fought in the Battle of Blue Licks in 1782, one of the last battles of the American Revolution. Boone worked as a surveyor and merchant after the war, but he went deep into debt as a Kentucky land speculator. Frustrated with legal problems resulting from his land claims, in 1799 Boone resettled in Missouri, where he spent his final years.

Boone remains an iconic, if imperfectly remembered, figure in American history. He was a legend in his own lifetime, especially after an account of his adventures was published in 1784, making him famous in America and Europe. After his death, he was frequently the subject of tall tales and works of fiction. His adventures—real and legendary—were influential in creating the archetypal Western hero of American folklore. In American popular culture, he is remembered as one of the foremost early frontiersmen, even though the mythology often overshadows the historical details of his life.

BLACK SITE DOWNLOAD

BlackSite: Area 51, developed by Midway Studios Austin, is a next-generation
game that will redefine the first person shooter (FPS) genre. While other
FPS titles claim to feature "action-packed, highly realistic gameplay,"
BlackSite: Area 51 takes next-gen gaming to an all-new level integrating
cutting edge technology, game design and story writing to create the
ultimate entertainment experience. The player's modern-day emotions and
fears are driven into a world charged with grave responsibility affecting
lives hanging in the balance and eventually finding himself torn between
his professional orders and his own ethical standards. In the end, only the
actions of the player and his squad can shape the outcome of BlackSite:
Area 51 during this potentially pivotal moment in history.

1. Unrar.
2. Burn, or mount with Daemon Tools.
3. Install.
4. Copy the cracked file located in the Crack directory on DVD1 to your
installation directory.
5. Play the game.




(400 MB parts)

Code:

DISC1 http://netload.in/dateia874b47e122838153737116d19f1894c/BlacksiteArea51_DISC1.part01.rar.htm http://netload.in/dateie2315770c7fab4e9ba28646894a5f32e/BlacksiteArea51_DISC1.part02.rar.htm http://netload.in/dateid09df3b697ce2e0a7bf79c890c65f542/BlacksiteArea51_DISC1.part03.rar.htm http://netload.in/datei792b8b51e2a46d6f45ef079b0e392b9e/BlacksiteArea51_DISC1.part04.rar.htm http://netload.in/datei6281f352ee61fa6501f0e09bdf271142/BlacksiteArea51_DISC1.part05.rar.htm http://netload.in/dateib95dba5cef01211a5fb911e8a8323c24/BlacksiteArea51_DISC1.part06.rar.htm http://netload.in/dateib103cb5a334b775d00232a5b639f7073/BlacksiteArea51_DISC1.part07.rar.htm http://netload.in/datei65b4edad9abc4ab773eacc0e3a3fb164/BlacksiteArea51_DISC1.part08.rar.htm http://netload.in/dateif30349e8b43a46f9dd8c97687c9d3eda/BlacksiteArea51_DISC1.part09.rar.htm http://netload.in/dateiaa9d25acb2e652765fe3c8507b4aa7f0/BlacksiteArea51_DISC1.part10.rar.htm http://netload.in/dateib961cd2ce61bb84de19b989cf1131fa4/BlacksiteArea51_DISC1.part11.rar.htm http://netload.in/dateiffd77db0960b5094fbb08c0a5bcf6cbd/BlacksiteArea51_DISC1.part12.rar.htm http://netload.in/dateic7989211b052f816a885554f5adf95e2/BlacksiteArea51_DISC1.part13.rar.htm http://netload.in/datei1198a5264c5f12b72cd8e1da94d50b7d/BlacksiteArea51_DISC1.part14.rar.htm DISC2 http://netload.in/datei7bf0f9d655817b5fe1ef05c7582d7816/BlacksiteArea51_DISC2.part01.rar.htm http://netload.in/datei0eb24ef7fd5a7d158986faca5682a8de/BlacksiteArea51_DISC2.part02.rar.htm http://netload.in/datei5d5cfbbf51624457875930d20fb70667/BlacksiteArea51_DISC2.part03.rar.htm http://netload.in/datei30054174d42dbc19342d2133264f958a/BlacksiteArea51_DISC2.part04.rar.htm http://netload.in/datei86dd4c1877abd8528acc41b58c6d1328/BlacksiteArea51_DISC2.part05.rar.htm http://netload.in/datei110afc1365faaf1f68b74f5e68bbe345/BlacksiteArea51_DISC2.part06.rar.htm http://netload.in/dateid85b5be7bad0d589f07f2cf58cdcb477/BlacksiteArea51_DISC2.part07.rar.htm http://netload.in/dateif9150200db157e1118eff98c261ab4dc/BlacksiteArea51_DISC2.part08.rar.htm http://netload.in/dateib78a28767f16943e66c6a683ecb49c84/BlacksiteArea51_DISC2.part09.rar.htm http://netload.in/datei66be94c6d8e5763b393e343dead331ec/BlacksiteArea51_DISC2.part10.rar.htm http://netload.in/datei9c224dbc6ef88a782604792f99e357fd/BlacksiteArea51_DISC2.part11.rar.htm http://netload.in/datei65a0061fa89d4f44280548db407d7772/BlacksiteArea51_DISC2.part12.rar.htm http://netload.in/datei5225ee73244907041ce67ad4815ece1d/BlacksiteArea51_DISC2.part13.rar.htm http://netload.in/datei41ddb28157be7dae1b84dcf0cadfb2d7/BlacksiteArea51_DISC2.part14.rar.htm http://netload.in/datei3410827750f6c1b9bfab0a439201ef8e/BlacksiteArea51_DISC2.part15.rar.htm http://netload.in/datei36d538283870e92bfb030fab240b3502/BlacksiteArea51_DISC2.part16.rar.htm Netload Folder 2 DISC's http://netfolder.in/6086cb3/BlackSite_Area51_RELOADED

_________________
Netload Download HOWTO

Code:

http://stooorage.com/tutorials

LOST WORLDS

The monuments of the ancient world are virtually brought back to life in Lost Worlds, a fantastic History Channel series that combines historical expertise and computer generated imagery to restore ancient structures to their original condition. Just as the packaging promises, this riveting 13 part series allows viewers to explore the past rebuilt in stunning detail, following a format as richly educational as it is visually impressive. The 50 minute episodes are loosely grouped by historical epoch, beginning with the Christian emphasis of disc 1, with episodes focusing on the Knights Templar (showing the virtual reconstruction of the city of Tortosa), Jesus Jerusalem (focusing on Herods temple Mount, the Via Dolorosa, and other places where Jesus traveled), and The First Christians, in which the cities of Tarsus and Ephesus are studied and rebuilt, along with the mysterious cave dwellings of Cappadocia, where some of the earliest Christian churches were built. Disc 2 moves to ancient Greece and Egypt, where new theories connect the remains of a Cretan temple to the lost city of Atlantis; Ramses Egyptian Empire shows us brilliant revivals of the temples of Karnak and Abu Simbel; and Athens: Ancient Supercity focuses on 5th century B.C. Greek structures like the Parthenon and the Senate.
http://rapidshare.com/files/86383620/pro-hclw.r00
http://rapidshare.com/files/86384305/pro-hclw.r01
http://rapidshare.com/files/86385171/pro-hclw.r02
http://rapidshare.com/files/86386036/pro-hclw.r03
http://rapidshare.com/files/86386783/pro-hclw.r04
http://rapidshare.com/files/86387559/pro-hclw.r05
http://rapidshare.com/files/86387645/pro-hclw.r06
http://rapidshare.com/files/86388313/pro-hclw.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/86382775/Leeme.txt

BACKYARD FOOTBALL

Backyard Football '08 is the sixth iteration of the best
selling children's football video game. The only kids' game
to hold the NFL and NFL Player's Inc. licenses, Backyard Football
'08 features a roster full of current NFL Superstars as kids
including two-time SuperBowl MVP Tom Brady as the cover/highlight
athlete. Backyard Football '08 combines authentic NFL plays and
strategies with the wild and whacky antics of the Backyard gang
to give young football fans a realistic, fun sports experience.
The game gives kids total control of the style, location, pace,
and strategy. And, with multiple levels, is easy enough for rookie
players yet mega challenging for more seasoned veterans.
http://rapidshare.com/files/83477141/b.f.08.a.rar